Nouns

Nouns are words that refer to people, animals, places and things.
Common nouns are names given to people, animals, places and things.

Examples
1. people – man, boy, girl, husband, uncle, niece, king, princess
2. animals – cat, tiger, ant, eagle, shark, monkey, turtle
3. places – school, field, cinema, house, zoo
4. things – umbrella, knife, cup, table, book

Proper nouns are names given to people and places.

Examples
1. people – Rashid, Helen, Hui Woon.
2. places – Bukit Jalil Sports Complex, K.L. Tower, London Bridge, Eiffel Tower
3. countries and cities – The United Kingdom, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted.

Examples
one boy	twenty oranges	six horses	twelve candles

Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted.

Examples

Prepositions

Prepositions are words that we use before nouns or pronouns.
There are prepositions of directions, time, place and position.

1. Prepositions of direction

Daud is walking up the stairs.	Adrian is running down the stairs.
The bird flew in through the window.	Tim jumped over the fence.
They walked along the row of houses.	She has returned from town.
I am walking to school.	Richard came into the room.
My brother is taking off his shirt,	The taxi went past the mosque.
The boys ran across the road.	They are running round the tree.

2. Prepositions of time

In
Examples

Jalil was born in 1986.
The holidays will be in December.
We leave for Penang in a week's time.
We go to school in the morning.

At
Examples

We will meet my father at night.
The class began at three o'clock.
At what time is he leaving?

On
Examples

Malaysia gained independence on 31 August 1957.

He goes swimming on Tuesday.

On what day is Deepavali?

During
Examples

We will visit our grandfather during the holidays.

It is cool during the night.

We had a quiz during our History class yesterday.

For
Examples

The football team trained for a month.

We lived in Subang Jaya for three years.

They will be in America for a fortnight.

Since
Examples

He has been studying in Australia since 2002.

Farouk has not written to me since January.

There was been no rain since last month.

We have not played football since Salim left our kampung.

3. Prepositions of time

The book is on the chair.	The ball is under the table.
The fan is above the boy.	The cat is between the three and the car.
The boy is beside the car.	Haiqal sits next to Harjit in class.
The walking stick is against the wall.	The teacher is standing among his pupils.
There is a kitten in the box.	The spoon is near the bowl.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that join words, phrases and sentences.

and, because, but, or, so, therefore, although, if

Examples
1. and
1. Gary likes nasi lemak. Bala likes nasi lemak.
   Gary and Bala like nasi lemak.


2. The baby can stand. The baby can crawl.
   The baby can stand and crawl.

2. but
1. Lim wants to play football. Halim wants to play hockey.
   Lim wants to play football but Halim wants to play hockey.


2. Fariza wants to help her brother. Fariza is sick.
   Fariza wants to help her brother but she is sick.

3. so
1. She was hungry. She cooked some food.
   She was hungry so she cooked some food.


2. They were tired. They rested for an hour.
   They were tired so they rested for an hour.

4. although
1. They came to the class. It was raining.
   They came to the class, although it was raining.


2. We must finish our work. We are very sleepy.
   Although we are very sleepy, we must finish our work.

5. if
1. Saras can help you. She has the book.
   Saras can help you if she has the book.


2. You will not get wet. You have an umbrella.
   You will not get wet if you have an umbrella.

6. because
1. The baby is crying. The baby is hungry.
   The baby is crying because he is hungry.


2. The table is going to break. The legs are weak.
   The tables is going to break because the legs are weak.

7. or
Does Julie want a red dress? Does Julie want a blue dress?
Does Julie want a red or blue dress?

Tips for Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension

PAPER 1 UPSR (E31 – 40)

		UPSR Format
		Two Stimuli

Questions 31 – 35 Types of stimulus: Notices Advertisements Diary entries Timetables Maps & flow charts		Questions 36 – 40 Types of stimulus: Letters Speeches Dialogues Factual passages Narrative passages

	Five multiple-choice questions are given after each stimulus.
		Types of Questions Understanding main ideas Locating details Sequencing ideas/events Understanding meaning of words Recognising cause and effect relationships Predicting outcomes Drawing conclusions

UPSR-CLONED QUESTION UPSR 2007: Question 33 The phrase Twiddled our thumbs means A did nothing B waited patiently C twisted our fingers D exercised our thumbs

UPSR-CLONED QUESTION UPSR 2007: Question 40 Which of the following statements is not true? A The flute is played by all pupils. B The flute is difficult to play. C Flutes cost a lot of money. D Flutes are very popular.

HOW TO SCORE AN 'A'

Read the instructions carefully.

Read the texts or study the stimulus given carefully.

Go through each question and all the options given.

Choose the best answer from the options given.

Circle A, B, C or D to mark the correct answers.

HOT TIPS

You are advised to spend only 15 minutes on this section. Answer all the easy questions first. Then go back to the difficult questions. Do not waste time. Cross out the options, one by one until you get the correct answer.

Essay :)

Essay

Plural Nouns

English Grammar Rules

In general the plural of a noun is formed by adding -S to the noun.

Singular	Plural
car	cars
house	houses
book	books
bird	birds
pencil	pencils

However:
1. When the noun ends in SS, SH, CH or X, we add -ES to the noun.

Singular	Plural
kiss	kisses
wish	wishes
match	matches
box	boxes
fox	foxes

• I have a box in my bedroom.
  
• I have three boxes in my bedroom.

2. When the noun ends in a VOWEL + Y, we add -S to the noun.

Singular	Plural
boy	boys
holiday	holidays
key	keys
guy	guys

3. When the noun ends in a CONSONANT + Y, we remove Y and add -IES to the noun.

Singular	Plural
party	parties
lady	ladies
story	stories
nanny	nannies
city	cities

4. If the noun ends in F or FE, we remove the F/FE and add -VES to the noun.

Singular	Plural
life	lives
leaf	leaves
thief	thieves
wife	wives

5. If the noun ends in IS, we change it to ES.

Singular	Plural
analysis	analyses
basis	bases
crisis	crises

6. There are a number of nouns that don't follow these rules. They are irregular and you need to learn them individually because they don't normally have an S on the end.

Singular	Plural
man	men
woman	women
child	children
foot	feet
tooth	teeth
goose	geese
mouse	mice

• There is a child in the park.
  
• There are many children in the park.

7. There are some nouns in English that are the same in the singular and the plural.

Singular	Plural
fish	fish
sheep	sheep
deer	deer
moose	moose
aircraft	aircraft

• I can see a sheep in the field.
  
• I can see ten sheep in the field.

Sometimes you will hear the word fishes (especially in songs) though it is grammatically incorrect.

Reference : http://www.grammar.cl/Notes/Plural_Nouns.htm

Reading Comprehension

Passage 1

   A woodpecker is a kind of bird. Woodpeckers are found all over the world except in the North and South poles, Australia, and New Zealand. There are over 200 different kinds of woodpeckers. The two largest woodpeckers, the Imperial Woodpecker and the Ivory-billed Woodpecker are most likely extinct. Animals that are extinct are no longer found on Earth.

   Woodpeckers have sharp bills for drilling into wood, and short, stiff tails which help prop them up against tree trunks and branches. Woodpeckers also have very long tongues, which help them get at insects deep within trees. Woodpeckers are often heard drumming loudly on trees before they are seen. Woodpeckers can even become pests if they learn to drum on siding of a house.

   Woodpeckers can easily be attracted to backyard bird feeders with sunflower seeds or suet. Suet is a kind of animal fat that is very tasty to woodpeckers and other birds.

1. Why do woodpeckers have long tongues?  
   A To get at insects on the ground
   B So they can drum on trees  
   C To get at insects within trees
   D   To eat seeds 
2. Woodpeckers are often .....
   A  seen before they are herd
   B found in the North Pole
   C  found in Australia
   D  heard before they are seen
3. The two largest woodpeckers in the world are ......
   A  normally found at bird feeders
   B pests.
   C  most likely no longer on Earth.
   D  found all over the world.
4.  Which is NOT true about woodpeckers?
   A  They have short, stiff tails.
   B  Woodpeckers like suet.
   C  They will come to bird feeders.
   D  They are only found in a few places in the world.

REFERENCES : http://mrnussbaum.com/readingcomp/woodpecker

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Practise makes perfect.

Example of English Essay Section C

Write a story about the day a boy sat for his examination. You may use the words given to help you. Write your answer in the space provided.
(a) - examination - late - revising - night - quickly - uniform-
(b) - not - time - breakfast - rushed - got - bus -
(c) - test - weak - not - concentrate -
(d) - completed - not - well - regretted - promised - better-

Low grade essay

The story is about a boy sat for his examination. He is my friend Amin. He likes to play the fool and does last minute study. This is what happened to him during the examination.

It was the day of PKSR1 examination. Amin got up late that morning. He was revising his lesson until late night. So, he quickly put on his school uniform without bathing.

He did not have time to breakfast . He rushed out and hurriedly got into the yellow school bus. During the English test, he could not concentreate.

He managed to complete the paper but he did not do it very well. He regretted and promised to himself to do it better in the next examination.

The moral value of this story is, we must do preparation before sitting the examination.

references :  http://upsressay-ifah.blogspot.com/2009/06/upsr-essay-section-c-paper-2.html

Simple Present Tense

English Grammar Rules

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal.
We use the present tense:
1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.

• I take the train to the office.
• The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
• John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

2. For facts.

• The President of The USA lives in The White House.
• A dog has four legs.
• We come from Switzerland.

3. For habits.

• I get up early every day.
• Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
• They travel to their country house every weekend.

4. For things that are always / generally true.

• It rains a lot in winter.
• The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
• They speak English at work.

Verb Conjugation & Spelling

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without the TO).
In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person.

Subject	Verb	The Rest of the sentence
I / you / we / they	speak / learn	English at home
he / she / it	speaks / learns	English at home

The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.

• go – goes
• catch – catches
• wash – washes
• kiss – kisses
• fix – fixes
• buzz – buzzes

2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.

• marry – marries
• study – studies
• carry – carries
• worry – worries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

• play – plays
• enjoy – enjoys
• say – says

Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense

To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn't with all verbs EXCEPT To Be and Modal verbs (can, might, should etc.).

• Affirmative: You speak French.
  Negative: You don't speak French.

You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when the subject is I, you, we or they.

• Affirmative: He speaks German.
  Negative: He doesn't speak German.

When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a negative sentence. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the negative sentence. We will see the reason why below.

Negative Contractions

Don't = Do not
Doesn't = Does not
I don't like meat = I do not like meat.
There is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in spoken English.

Word Order of Negative Sentences

The following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in English in the Present Tense using Don't or Doesn't.

Subject	don't/doesn't	Verb*	The Rest of the sentence
I / you / we / they	don't	have / buy eat / like etc.	cereal for breakfast
he / she / it	doesn't

* Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.
Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.
Examples of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't:

• You don't speak Arabic.
• John doesn't speak Italian.
• We don't have time for a rest.
• It doesn't move.
• They don't want to go to the party.
• She doesn't like fish.

Questions in the Simple Present Tense

To make a question in English we normally use Do or Does. It has no translation in Spanish though it is essential to show we are making a question. It is normally put at the beginning of the question.

• Affirmative: You speak English.
  Question: Do you speak English?

You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a question. We use Do when the subject is I, you, we or they.

• Affirmative: He speaks French.
  Question: Does he speak French?

When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the affirmative sentence a question. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the question. We will see the reason why below.
We DON'T use Do or Does in questions that have the verb To Be or Modal Verbs (can, must, might, should etc.)

Word Order of Questions with Do and Does

The following is the word order to construct a basic question in English using Do or Does.

Do/Does	Subject	Verb*	The Rest of the sentence
Do	I / you / we / they	have / need want etc.	a new bike?
Does	he / she / it

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.
Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.
Examples of Questions with Do and Does:

• Do you need a dictionary?
• Does Mary need a dictionary?
• Do we have a meeting now?
• Does it rain a lot in winter?
• Do they want to go to the party?
• Does he like pizza?

Short Answers with Do and Does

In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows:

Sample Questions	Short Answer (Affirmative)	Short Answer (Negative)
Do you like chocolate?	Yes, I do.	No, I don't.
Do I need a pencil?	Yes, you do.	No, you don't.
Do you both like chocolate?	Yes, we do.	No, we don't.
Do they like chocolate?	Yes, they do.	No, they don't.
Does he like chocolate?	Yes, he does.	No, he doesn't.
Does she like chocolate?	Yes, she does.	No, she doesn't.
Does it have four wheels?	Yes, it does.	No, it doesn't.

However, if a question word such as who, when, where, why, which or how is used in the question, you can not use the short answers above to respond to the question.

What next?

Grammar Rules:
Check out the conjugation rules for Have Has Go Goes and also of Verbs in the Third Person.
Grammar Games:
Practice this tense with our interactive game at: Simple Present Tense or Have - Has - Go - Goes

Reference : http://www.grammar.cl/Present/Simple.htm

TIPS TO SCORE ‘A’ FOR PAPER 2 ( SUBJECTIVE )

SK English Paper 2 – Subjective
Time – 1 hour 15 mins.
No of questions – 3 Total marks – 40 marks
3 Sections – Section A, Section B and Section C
* Pupils are tested on the ability to construct sentences with the correct structure and grammar.
Pupils with a good command of the language are able to express ideas .

Section A - Question 1
- Sentence construction based on given words and graphics.
- A composite picture with helping words based on the picture.
- May use or may not use all the words given
- Must write 5 sentences based on the picture given.

Section B – Question 2
- Information transfer question.
- Pupils have to read and understand information of the 3 items based on the various topics .
- Question 2 a - Word transfer – word and phrase level
- Question 2 b - Sentence level while making a preference into grid (b)
- Remember – Spelling , punctuation ( tanda bacaan ) dan legibility ( tulisan yang jelas )

Section C – Question 3
-Note expansion question.
-Write a composition in a few paragraphs based on the pictures and words given.
-Read instructions carefully before answering the question.
-Pupils who have a good command of English are able to score high marks in this section.

TIPS ON ANSWERING THE UPSR ENGISH LANGUAGE PAPER
PAPER 2
-Look at the pictures and observe the activities and situation in it.
-The helping words given will help pupils get a general idea of what the situation is in the picture.
-Pupils may or may not use the helping words to construct sentences in SectionA and C.
However read the instructions carefully.
-The sentences must be related to the situation in the pictures.
-Pupils must be careful with the spelling of words, capital letters and punctuations when
transferring information from the original text.
-Try not to make grammatical and spelling errors when constructing sentences.
-Simple sentences, compound sentences and complex sentences can be used to construct sentences.
-Write in paragraphs for Section C.
-Do constant revision of your teachers’ notes , use the dictionary and do a lot of practices in answering the English papers. Do not forget to do all your corrections.

references : http://englishpanelskselama.blogspot.com/p/notes.html

IMPORTANT TIPS FOR PAPER 1 ENGLISH

TIPS TO SCORE ‘A’ FOR PAPER 1 ( OBJECTIVE )

SK English Paper 1 – Objective Paper
Time – 50 mins Total marks – 40 marks
No of questions – 40 . Choose the correct or best answer marked A, B, C or D. Then, on the
answer sheet , darken the space of the letter of the answer that has been chosen. Also circle the
letter on the question paper.

Questions 1 – 10
Vocabulary – word, phrase or sentence level.
Questions – stimuli based with or without graphics.

Questions 11 – 15
Social and language expression.
- correct social expression with clues
- suitable vocabulary on given situations
- parts of speech based on clues.
Questions are based on pictures showing common social situations. Study each picture carefully,
make sure of the situation. Choose appropriate response that fits the situation.

Questions 16 – 25
Grammar
- grammatical items, spelling and punctuation.
- synonyms and antonyms
- questions stimuli based with graphics.

Questions 26 – 30
Text Completion.
- A cloze passage – a picture is given.
- 5 blanks – test on the use of parts of speech ( grammar ) – visual and textual clues. Look carefully and choose the correct answers.

Questions 31 – 40
Reading and Comprehension. ( 10 multiple choice questions , 2 passages. )
- a non-linear passage and a linear passage.
Reading skills :
- main idea - specific information
- cause and effect relationships - drawing conclusions
- predicting outcomes - sequencing
- vocabulary - inference

 references:
http://englishpanelskselama.blogspot.com/p/notes.html